Probable cause can be established with physical evidence. Which of the following is a type of physical evidence listed?

• A. The length/depth/and type of their experience or training
• B. Witness/informant/dispatch
• C. Signals for detection of explosives/narcotics
• D. DNA/video footage/gun casings/audio recording

Answer: (D)

Physical evidence consists of tangible items or recordings that can be observed, tested, and used to prove facts in a case. DNA analysis provides a biological link to a person, video footage shows actual events, gun casings connect a weapon to the crime, and audio recordings preserve statements or conversations relevant to the offense. These are objective, verifiable pieces of evidence that can establish probable cause by linking a suspect or scene to the crime. By contrast, descriptions of a person’s experience, human sources like witnesses, or detection devices and their signals are not themselves physical evidence of the crime.